How We Got the New Testament (): Text, Transmission, Translation (Acadia Studies in Bible and Theology) by Porter Stanley E

Author:Porter, Stanley E. [Porter, Stanley E.]
Language: ell
Format: epub
Tags: REL006080, Bible. New Testament—History, REL006400
ISBN: 9781441242686
Publisher: Baker Publishing Group
Published: 2013-11-05T00:00:00+00:00

Major Issues in Translation of the New Testament

As I have already discussed, translations of the Bible have been produced since the earliest days of Christianity. A variety of both translation practices and theories about translation have been propounded. There have been those who have reflected upon translation from Christian times forward. In light of many of the recent translation controversies, some of the comments seem surprisingly progressive, and perhaps they merit further consideration.

Comments on the Nature of Translation

Comments on the nature of translation span the time from the writing of the New Testament to the present, by translators of all types of literature, including (but not limited to) the Bible.96 The range of opinions is worth noting, given what I have discussed above and will discuss below. This list, like the one recounted in the first chapter, constitutes a whirlwind tour of opinions on translation, but the cumulative effect of these voices is relevant to my subsequent discussion, especially in light of the way that some people are advocating for particular theories of translation.

The Latin orator Cicero (106–43 BC), referring to his own translation work, states, “I did not translate them [orations] as an interpreter but as an orator . . . not . . . word for word, but I preserved the general style and force of the language.”97 The Latin poet Horace (65–8 BC), in his Ars Poetica of 20 BC, similarly states, “Nor will you as faithful translator render word for word.” So much for any thought that dynamic and nonliteralistic translations are a recent development!

John Dryden (1631–1700), the poet and literary theorist, in 1680 indicates that there are three types of translation: metaphrase, which is “word for word” and “line for line”; paraphrase, where words are “not so strictly followed as is the sense,” which, he says, “may be amplified but not altered”; and imitation, which he thought may not constitute translation at all. This is reminiscent of a commonly heard distinction between formal, paraphrastic, and dynamic translation.

Alexander Tytler (1747–1813), the Edinburgh professor and friend of Robert Burns, in 1790 defines a “good translation” as “that, in which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language, as to be as distinctly apprehended, and as strongly felt, by a native of the country to which that language belongs, as it is by those who speak the language of the original work.” This formulation consciously notes the role of understanding in translation, to which I will return below.

The poet William Cowper (1731–1800) says in his preface to the Iliad (1791), “The tr[anslation] which partakes equally of fidelity and liberality . . . promises fairest,” akin to the distinction the Holman Christian Standard Bible makes. The German polymath (as well as linguist) Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835) writes in a letter (1796)to the German poet August Wilhelm Schlegel (1767–1845), “All translating seems to me simply an attempt to accomplish an impossible task.” The philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860) recognizes (1851) that “a word in one language seldom has a precise equivalent in another one.

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